Engineering:Quantum technology

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Short description: Emerging technologies built on quantum mechanics


Quantum technology is an emerging field of physics and engineering, encompassing technologies that rely on the properties of quantum mechanics,[1] especially quantum entanglement, quantum superposition, and quantum tunneling. Quantum computing, sensors, cryptography, simulation, measurement, and imaging are all examples of emerging quantum technologies. The development of quantum technology also heavily impacts established fields such as space exploration[2].

Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement.

Secure communications

Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of quantum computing systems that could break current cryptography systems using methods such as Shor's algorithm. These methods include quantum key distribution (QKD), a method of transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate randomness.[3]

Computing

Main page: Quantum computing

Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in the securing of data transmissions.

Sensors

Main page: Quantum sensor

Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, gravimetry[4] as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering[5] and seismology.

History

The field of quantum technology was first outlined in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn,[6] which was then followed by a 2003 article by Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn,[7][8] as well as a 2003 article by David Deutsch.[9]

Many devices already available are fundamentally reliant on the effects of quantum mechanics. These include laser systems, transistors and semiconductor devices, as well as other devices such as MRI imagers. The UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to differentiate them from what it dubbed 'quantum 2.0', which it defined as a class of devices that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of superposition and entanglement.[10]

Research programmes

From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum technologies,[11] such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme,[12] which created four quantum 'hubs', the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, and QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer.[13] In 2016, the European Union introduced the Quantum Technology Flagship,[14][15] a €1 Billion, 10-year-long megaproject, similar in size to earlier European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects. [16][17] In December 2018, the United States passed the National Quantum Initiative Act, which provides a US$1 billion annual budget for quantum research.[18] China is building the world's largest quantum research facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion).[19][20] Indian government has also invested 8000 crore Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum technologies under its National Quantum Mission.[21]

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies. Organizations such as Google, D-wave systems, and University of California Santa Barbara[22] have formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chen, Rajasekar; Velusamy, R. (2014). Bridge Engineering Handbook, Five Volume Set, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 263. ISBN 9781482263459. 
  2. ↑ Belenchia, Alessio; Carlesso, Matteo; Bayraktar, Ömer; Dequal, Daniele; Derkach, Ivan; Gasbarri, Giulio; Herr, Waldemar; Li, Ying Lia et al. (2022-03-11). "Quantum physics in space" (in en). Physics Reports. Quantum Physics in Space 951: 1–70. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.004. ISSN 0370-1573. Bibcode: 2022PhR...951....1B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157321004142. 
  3. ↑ Love, Dylan (July 31, 2017). "'Quantum' technology is the future, and it's already here — here's what that means for you". https://www.businessinsider.com/quantum-technology-2017-7. 
  4. ↑ Rademacher, Markus; Millen, James; Li, Ying Lia (2020-10-01). "Quantum sensing with nanoparticles for gravimetry: when bigger is better" (in en). Advanced Optical Technologies 9 (5): 227–239. doi:10.1515/aot-2020-0019. ISSN 2192-8584. Bibcode: 2020AdOT....9..227R. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/aot-2020-0019/html. 
  5. ↑ Stray, Ben; Lamb, Andrew; Kaushik, Aisha; Vovrosh, Jamie; Rodgers, Anthony; Winch, Jonathan; Hayati, Farzad; Boddice, Daniel et al. (2020). "Quantum sensing for gravity cartography". Nature 602 (7898): 590–594. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3. PMID 35197616. 
  6. ↑ Schrödinger's Machines, G.J.Milburn, W H Freeman & Co. (1997)
  7. ↑ "Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution ,"J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 361, 3655 (2003)
  8. ↑ "Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution," J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, arXiv:quant-ph/0206091v1
  9. ↑ "Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology," D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. (Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003)
  10. ↑ J. Pritchard and S. Till. "UK Quantum Technology Landscape 2014"
  11. ↑ Focus on Quantum Science and Technology Initiatives Around the World, Edited by Rob Thew, Thomas Jennewein and Masahide Sasaki, Quantum Science and Technology (2019)
  12. ↑ Knight, Peter; Walmsley, Ian (2019). "UK national quantum technology programme". Quantum Science and Technology 4 (4): 040502. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4346. Bibcode: 2019QS&T....4d0502K. 
  13. ↑ 'A little bit, better' The Economist, 18th June 2015
  14. ↑ Riedel, Max F.; Binosi, Daniele; Thew, Rob; Calarco, Tommaso (2017). "The European quantum technologies flagship programme". Quantum Science and Technology 2 (3): 030501. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aa6aca. Bibcode: 2017QS&T....2c0501R. 
  15. ↑ Riedel, Max; Kovacs, Matyas; Zoller, Peter; Mlynek, Jürgen; Calarco, Tommaso (2019). "Europe's Quantum Flagship initiative". Quantum Science and Technology 4 (2): 020501. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab042d. Bibcode: 2019QS&T....4b0501R. 
  16. ↑ Alexander Hellemans. Europe Bets €1 Billion on Quantum Tech: A 10-year-long megaproject will go beyond quantum computing and cryptography to advance other emerging technologies". July 2016. IEEE Spectrum.
  17. ↑ Elizabeth Gibney. "Europe plans giant billion-euro quantum technologies project: Third European Union flagship will be similar in size and ambition to graphene and human brain initiatives." April 2016. Nature.
  18. ↑ Raymer, Michael G.; Monroe, Christopher (2019). "The US National Quantum Initiative". Quantum Science and Technology 4 (2): 020504. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab0441. Bibcode: 2019QS&T....4b0504R. 
  19. ↑ "China building world's biggest quantum research facility". http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2110563/china-building-worlds-biggest-quantum-research-facility. 
  20. ↑ Zhang, Qiang; Xu, Feihu; Li, Li; Liu, Nai-Le; Pan, Jian-Wei (2019). "Quantum information research in China". Quantum Science and Technology 4 (4): 040503. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4bea. Bibcode: 2019QS&T....4d0503Z. 
  21. ↑ Padma, T. V. (2020-02-03). "India bets big on quantum technology" (in en). Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00288-x. PMID 33526896. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00288-x. 
  22. ↑ The man who will build Google's elusive quantum computer; Wired, 09.05.14





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